Where Did the Medici Family Live and Work

Italian banking family and political dynasty

Medici
Noble House
Coat of artillery of the House of Medici Blazon: Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger 1 of the arms of France (viz. Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) was granted past Louis 11 in 1465.[i]
State	Republic of Florence Chiliad Duchy of Tuscany Papal States Duchy of Urbino
Etymology	Past Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the offset antecedent of the business firm
Place of origin	Mugello, Tuscia (present-day Tuscany)
Founded	1230; 792 years ago  (1230)
Founder	Giambuono de' Medici[2]
Final ruler	Gian Gastone de' Medici
Final head	Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
Titles	Pope (non-hereditary) Grand Knuckles of Tuscany Duke of Florence Lord of Florence (breezy) Duke of Urbino Duke of Nemours Prince of Ottajano Queen of France
Members	Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici Cosimo de' Medici Lorenzo de' Medici Pope Leo X Pope Clement Vii Pope Leo XI Catherine de' Medici Cosimo I de' Medici Marie de' Medici
Continued families	House of Orsini House of Habsburg House of Lorraine House of Savoy House of Bourbon House of Valois House of La Tour d'Auveregne House of Wittelsbach
Distinctions	Social club of Saint Stephen
Traditions	Roman Catholicism
Motto	Festina lente [3] ("Hurry slowly")
Heirlooms	List Medici Banking concern (1397–1494) K Ducal Crown of Tuscany Medici Vase Medici porcelain
Estate(south)	Palazzo Vecchio Palazzo Pitti Palazzo Medici Riccardi Several villas in Tuscany
Dissolution	1743 (1743) (Original line)
Cadet branches	14 cadet branches; still alive only ii: Listing De' Medici of Ottajano De' Medici Tornaquinci of Castellina

The House of Medici ( MED-i-chee,^[iv] Italian: [ˈmɛːditʃi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence nether Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Banking concern. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, and it facilitated the Medicis' rise to political ability in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century.

The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic Church building—Pope Leo 10 (1513–1521), Pope Cloudless Seven (1523–1534), Pope Pius IV (1559–1565)^[5] and Pope Leo Eleven (1605)—and two queens of France—Catherine de' Medici (1547–1559) and Marie de' Medici (1600–1610).^[6] In 1532, the family unit acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. The Medici ruled the One thousand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. The one thousand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth nether the early on m dukes, only was broke past the time of Cosimo III de' Medici (r. 1670–1723).

The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the cloth trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie , the Medici dominated their metropolis's regime, were able to bring Florence nether their family'southward power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua.

The Medici Banking concern, from when it was created in 1397 to its fall in 1494, was one of the most prosperous and respected institutions in Europe, and the Medici family was considered the wealthiest in Europe for a time. From this base, they acquired political ability initially in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe. They were among the earliest businesses to use the general ledger system of accounting through the development of the double-entry accounting organization for tracking credits and debits.

The Medici family take claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,^{[ commendation needed ]} financed the structure of Saint Peter'south Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. They were as well protagonists of the counter-reformation, from the get-go of the reformation through the Council of Trent and the French wars of religion.

History [edit]

The Medici family came from the agricultural Mugello region^[vii] north of Florence, and they are first mentioned in a certificate of 1230.^[eight] The origin of the name is uncertain. Medici is the plural of medico, meaning "medical medico".^[nine] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397.

Rise to ability [edit]

For most of the 13th century, the leading banking heart in Italy was Siena. But in 1298, ane of the leading cyberbanking families of Europe, the Bonsignoris, went bankrupt, and the city of Siena lost its condition as the cyberbanking centre of Italy to Florence.^[10] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. In 1293, the Ordinances of Justice were enacted; effectively, they became the constitution of the Democracy of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance.^[11] The metropolis's numerous luxurious palazzi were condign surrounded past townhouses congenital past the prospering merchant grade.^[12]

The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. The Medici controlled the Medici Depository financial institution—then Europe's largest bank—and an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled.^[13] The next yr, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (borough regime) led past Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. The Medici became the city's leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly nether the control of the Medici and their allies, save during intervals after 1494 and 1527. Cosimo and Lorenzo rarely held official posts merely were the unquestioned leaders.

The Medici family unit was connected to most other elite families of the fourth dimension through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, then the family had a primal position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the aristocracy families simply through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.^[fourteen]

Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early on 14th century in the wool merchandise, especially with France and Spain. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were yet far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. One Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 1378–82, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396.^[fifteen] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family unit to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two.

15th century [edit]

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 1360–1429), son of Averardo de' Medici (1320–1363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Although he never held any political function, he gained strong popular support for the family unit through his support for the introduction of a proportional system of tax. Giovanni'due south son Cosimo the Elderberry, Pater Patriae (father of the state), took over in 1434 as gran maestro (the unofficial caput of the Florentine Republic).^[xvi]

Cosimo Pater patriae, Uffizi Gallery, Florence

Three successive generations of the Medici—Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo—ruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it birthday.^[17] These iii members of the Medici family had swell skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" equally Florence. When Lorenzo died in 1492, however, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges acquired past the French invasion of Italian republic in 1492, and inside two years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican government.^[17]

Piero de' Medici (1416–1469), Cosimo'due south son, was but in power for 5 years (1464–1469). He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his expiry. Dissimilar his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at dwelling bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over.^[18]

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492), chosen "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking concern, which led to its ultimate ruin. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children'southward future careers for them. He groomed the headstrong Piero Two to follow equally his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni^[19] (future Pope Leo X) was placed in the church at an early on age; and his daughter Maddalena was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous spousal relationship to a son of Pope Innocent Eight that cemented the brotherhood between the Medici and the Roman branches of the Cybo and Altoviti families.^[20]

The Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 was an attempt to depose the Medici family past killing Lorenzo with his younger blood brother Giuliano during Easter services; the assassination try ended with the death of Giuliano and an injured Lorenzo. The conspiracy involved the Pazzi and Salviati families, both rival banking families seeking to finish the influence of the Medici, besides as the priest presiding over the church services, the Archbishop of Pisa, and even Pope Sixtus IV to a degree. The conspirators approached Sixtus Four in the hopes of gaining his blessing, as he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, but the pope gave no official sanction to the plan. Despite his refusal of official blessing, the pope however immune the plot to continue without interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, likewise gave impunity for crimes done in the service of the church. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother'southward illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (1478–1535), the futurity Pope Clement VII. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over equally the head of Florence later Lorenzo's death. The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 subsequently Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader Charles VIII of France.^[21]

The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of alum in Tolfa in 1461. Alum is essential as a mordant in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. Before the Medici, the Turks were the only exporters of alum, and then Europe was forced to buy from them until the discovery in Tolfa. Pius II granted the Medici family unit a monopoly on the mining there, making them the principal producers of alum in Europe.^[22]

In the unsafe circumstances in which our city is placed, the time for deliberation is by. Action must exist taken... I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that every bit I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. As I accept had more honour and responsibility amid you than whatsoever private citizen has had in our mean solar day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. With this intention I now go. Mayhap God wills that this war, which began in the claret of my brother and of myself, should be ended by whatever means. My desire is that by my life or my decease, my misfortune or my prosperity, I may contribute to the welfare of our city... I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times exist fix to perform for his country.

— Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479.^[23]

16th century [edit]

The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, after which the "senior" co-operative of the family unit—those descended from Cosimo the Elder—were able to rule until the bump-off of Alessandro de' Medici, offset Knuckles of Florence, in 1537. This century-long rule was interrupted only on 2 occasions (between 1494–1512 and 1527–1530), when anti-Medici factions took command of Florence. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici co-operative—those descended from Lorenzo the Elder, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson Cosimo I "the Great."

Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturing—including a grade of franchises. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and civilization. Ultimately, it reached its zenith in the papacy and continued to flourish for centuries afterward as Dukes of Florence and Tuscany. At to the lowest degree half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed past the Medici and their foundational branches in business organization.

Medici popes [edit]

The Medici Wedding ceremony Tapestry of 1589

The Medici became leaders of Christendom through their 2 famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. Both also served as de facto political rulers of Rome, Florence, and large swaths of Italian republic known as the Papal States. They were generous patrons of the arts who deputed masterpieces such as Raphael'south Transfiguration and Michelangelo's The Concluding Judgment; withal, their reigns coincided with troubles for the Vatican, including Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and the infamous sack of Rome in 1527.

Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. From Leo'due south ballot as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, past Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement Vii.

Clement VII's tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crises—many long in the making—that resulted in the sack of Rome past the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles 5 in 1527 and rising of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the Roman Curie. From the time of Cloudless's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young Ippolito de' Medici (hereafter key and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church), Alessandro de' Medici (hereafter duke of Florence), and their guardians. In 1530, after allying himself with Charles Five, Pope Cloudless VII succeeded in securing the engagement of Charles V's daughter Margeret of Austria to his illegitimate nephew (reputedly his son) Alessandro de' Medici. Clement also convinced Charles Five to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Thus began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, which lasted two centuries.

After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's curvation-enemy, King Francis I of France—the future Male monarch Henry II. This led to the transfer of Medici claret, through Catherine'due south daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the Firm of Lorraine through Claude of Valois.

In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Cloudless VII died—and with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. In 1535, Ippolito Key de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles Five's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following year he was assassinated by a resentful cousin, Lorenzino de' Medici. The deaths of Alessandro and Ippolito enabled the Medici's "junior" branch to lead Florence.

Medici Dukes [edit]

Some other outstanding effigy of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively modest ancestry in the Mugello to reach supremacy over the whole of Tuscany. Against the opposition of Catherine de' Medici, Paul III and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence'southward hated rival Siena and constitute the Chiliad Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the isle of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose expiry without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. Francesco married Johanna of Republic of austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of French republic and Navarre. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the Napoleons) were descended from Francesco.

Ferdinando eagerly assumed the authorities of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated merchandise in Livorno.^[24] To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves).^[25] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany abroad from Habsburg^[26] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba.^[24] To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry Four of France. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish assailment, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sis Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions.

Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples.^[27] Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.^[28] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the land'due south mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were direct tied to the Tuscan economy.^[28]

17th century [edit]

Ferdinando, although no longer a key, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo Eleven. He died the same calendar month, only his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici.^[29] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international diplomacy, all the same, would have long-reaching consequences down the line.

In France, Marie de' Medici was interim every bit regent for her son, Louis XIII. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. She lived the rest of her life deprived of whatsoever political influence.

Ferdinando's successor, Cosimo 2, reigned for less than 12 years. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando II de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. He is most remembered every bit the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was defended to him.^[30] Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621.^[31]

Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted equally regents. Their collective regency is known as the Turtici. Maria Maddelana'southward temperament was coordinating to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur.^[32] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of challenge the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted information technology to be annexed by Pope Urban Eight. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject area from being educated exterior the Grand Duchy, a police force later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo Iii.^[33] Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the refuse of Tuscany to the Turtici regency.^[33]

One thousand Knuckles Ferdinado was obsessed with new applied science, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti.^[34] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the M Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study.^[35]

Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a disharmonize) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban Viii in 1643.^[36] The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on authorities bonds, with the upshot that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%.^[37] At that time, the economic system was and so decrepit that castling trade became prevalent in rural market places.^[36]

Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by apoplexy and dropsy. He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Medici's necropolis.^[38] At the time of his expiry, the population of the thou duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.^[39]

Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced 2 children: Cosimo Iii de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Knuckles of Rovere and Montefeltro. Upon Vittoria's decease in 1694, her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed to her younger son.

18th century: the fall of the dynasty [edit]

Cosimo 3, the Medicean g duke, in Yard Ducal regalia

Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the terminal of the Grand Ducal line, in Minerva, Merkur und Plutus huldigen der Kurfürstin Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (English language: Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici) after Antonio Bellucci, 1706

Cosimo III married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry Four of France and Marie de' Medici. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Chiliad Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici.

Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, Anna Maria Luisa'south spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity Royal Highness for the 1000 Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom.^[40] Cosimo oftentimes paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,^[41] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna.

The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was almost bankrupt. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined past 50%, and the population of the m duchy as a whole declined past an estimated 40%.^[42] Cosimo desperately tried to reach a settlement with the European powers, only Tuscany'south legal status was very complicated: the area of the k duchy formerly comprising the Republic of Siena was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the onetime Democracy of Florence was idea to be nether purple suzerainty. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine democracy, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his authorities. Europe largely ignored Cosimo'south plan. Just Great United kingdom and the Dutch Republic gave whatever acceptance to information technology, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.^[43]

On 4 April 1718, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, France and the Dutch Republic (besides later, Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder kid of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip Five of Spain, every bit the Tuscan heir. By 1722, the electress was not even best-selling as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany'due south hereafter.^[44] On 25 Oct 1723, half-dozen days before his death, Grand Knuckles Cosimo disseminated a concluding proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the thou duke reserved the right to choose his successor. However, these portions of his declaration were completely ignored, and he died a few days after.

Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic spousal relationship to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her.^[45] On 25 Oct 1731, a Castilian detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in Dec of the aforementioned year. The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone'southward decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Duchess Violante of Bavaria, Gian Gastone's sister-in-constabulary, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the Ruspanti by organising banquets. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes.^[46] Following a sprained ankle in 1731, he remained bars to his bed for the rest of his life. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante.

In 1736, following the War of the Smoothen Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead.^[47] In January 1737, the Castilian troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians.

Gian Gastone died on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal regency by the Prince de Craon until the new grand duke could peregrinate to Tuscany, but declined.^[48] Upon her brother's decease, she received all the House of Medici'due south allodial possessions.

Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family pact") on 31 Oct 1737. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and K Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that cypher was e'er removed from Florence.^[49]

The "Lorrainers", every bit the occupying forces were chosen, were popularly loathed, but the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to alive unperturbed in the Palazzo Pitti. She occupied herself with financing and overseeing the construction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, started in 1604 by Ferdinando I, at a cost to the state of one,000 crowns per week.^[50]

The electress donated much of her fortune to clemency: £4,000 a calendar month.^[51] On 19 Feb 1743, she died, and the g ducal line of the House of Medici died with her. The Florentines grieved her,^[52] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to consummate, San Lorenzo.

The extinction of the chief Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the Firm of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the terminal male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on equally Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere.

As a result, the 1000 duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-cracking-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were subsequently restored at the Congress of Vienna. Tuscany became a province of the Great britain of Italy in 1861. However, several extant branches of the House of Medici survive, including the Princes of Ottajano, the Medici Tornaquinci,^[53] and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and Gavardo.^[54] (meet Medici family unit tree)

Legacy [edit]

The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly early on and High Renaissance fine art and architecture. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their flow of rule. Their back up was critical, since artists by and large only began work on their projects after they had received commissions. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the commencement patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, in 1419. Cosimo the Elder's notable creative associates were Donatello and Fra Angelico. In afterwards years, the well-nigh significant protégé of the Medici family unit was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), who produced piece of work for a number of family members, starting time with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to exist extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture.^[55] Lorenzo as well served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) for seven years. Indeed, Lorenzo was an creative person in his own correct and an writer of poetry and song; his support of the arts and letters is seen as a loftier point in Medici patronage.

Medici family members placed allegorically in the entourage of a king from the Three Wise Men in the Tuscan countryside in a Benozzo Gozzoli fresco, c. 1459.

After Lorenzo's death, the puritanical Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola rose to prominence, alert Florentines against excessive luxury. Nether Savonarola'due south fanatical leadership, many great works were "voluntarily" destroyed in the Bonfire of the Vanities (February 7, 1497). The following year, on 23 May 1498, Savonarola and two immature supporters were burned at the pale in the Piazza della Signoria, the aforementioned location as his bonfire. In add-on to commissions for art and architecture, the Medici were prolific collectors and today their acquisitions form the core of the Uffizi museum in Florence. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.^[56]

Afterwards, in Rome, the Medici popes continued in the family unit tradition of patronizing artists in Rome. Pope Leo 10 would chiefly commission works from Raphael, whereas Pope Clement Seven deputed Michelangelo to paint the chantry wall of the Sistine Chapel only before the pontiff's death in 1534.^[57] Eleanor of Toledo, a princess of Kingdom of spain and married woman of Cosimo I the Great, purchased the Pitti Palace from Buonaccorso Pitti in 1550. Cosimo in turn patronized Vasari, who erected the Uffizi Gallery in 1560 and founded the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno – ("Academy of the Arts of Drawing") in 1563.^[58] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry Iv of French republic and mother of Louis XIII, is the subject of a deputed bike of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Luxembourg Palace by courtroom painter Peter Paul Rubens in 1622–23.

Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to take been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. Galileo'due south patronage was somewhen abandoned by Ferdinando II, when the Inquisition accused Galileo of heresy. However, the Medici family did afford the scientist a safety haven for many years. Galileo named the four largest moons of Jupiter afterwards 4 Medici children he tutored, although the names Galileo used are non the names currently used.

Main genealogical tabular array [edit]

The table below shows the origins of the Medici:

Medici Family Tree: Origins

This extract shows the branch that gave rise to the celebrated branch of the Medici descending from Giovanni "di Bicci", who founded the Medici fortunes:

This is the branch of Cosimo's blood brother, Lorenzo, called the "Popolano" Co-operative, which gave rise to the Grand-Dukes of Tuscany:

Titles [edit]

List of heads of the Medici [edit]

Signore in the Republic of Florence [edit]

Portrait	Name	From	Until	Human relationship with predecessor
	Cosimo de' Medici (Pater Patriae)	1434	one August 1464	Son of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici who was non as prominently involved in Florentine politics, rather more involved in the financial area.
	Piero I de' Medici (Piero the Gouty)	1 Baronial 1464	2 Dec 1469	Eldest son of Cosimo de' Medici.
	Lorenzo I de' Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)	2 December 1469	9 April 1492	Eldest son of Piero I de' Medici.
	Piero Two de' Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)	ix April 1492	viii November 1494	Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Overthrown when Charles VIII of France invaded as a full republic was restored, first under the theocracy of Girolamo Savonarola and so statesman Piero Soderini.
	Key Giovanni de' Medici	31 August 1512	9 March 1513	Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, 2nd son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Elected to the Papacy, becoming Pope Leo X.
	Giuliano de' Medici, Knuckles of Nemours	9 March 1513	17 March 1516	Brother of Fundamental Giovanni de' Medici, tertiary son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
	Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino	17 March 1516	4 May 1519	Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Knuckles of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. Father of Catherine de' Medici, Queen consort of France.
	Cardinal Giulio de' Medici	iv May 1519	19 Nov 1523	Cousin of Lorenzo Ii de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of Giuliano de' Medici who was the blood brother of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Elected to the Papacy, condign Pope Clement Vii.
	Key Ippolito de' Medici	19 November 1523	24 October 1529	Cousin of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours.

Dukes of Florence [edit]

Portrait	Name	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	Alessandro il Moro	24 October 1529	6 January 1537	Cousin of Key Ippolito de' Medici, illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Knuckles of Urbino or Pope Clement 7. Acting signore during imperial Siege of Florence, made Duke in 1531.
	Cosimo I	6 January 1537	21 April 1574	Distant cousin of Alessandro de' Medici, Son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere. dei Popolani line descended from Lorenzo the Elder, Brother of Cosimo de' Medici; also great-grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent through his mother, Maria Salviati, and his grandmother, Lucrezia de' Medici. 1569, he was made Grand Knuckles of Tuscany.

Grand Dukes of Tuscany [edit]

Portrait	Proper noun	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	Cosimo I	6 January 1569	21 Apr 1574
	Francesco I	21 April 1574	17 October 1587	Eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
	Ferdinando I	17 October 1587	17 February 1609	Brother of Francesco I de' Medici, M Knuckles of Tuscany, son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Chiliad Duke of Tuscany.
	Cosimo Ii	17 February 1609	28 Feb 1621	Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
	Ferdinando 2	28 Feb 1621	23 May 1670	Eldest son of Cosimo 2 de' Medici, One thousand Duke of Tuscany.
	Cosimo Three	23 May 1670	31 October 1723	Eldest son of Ferdinando Two de' Medici, Chiliad Knuckles of Tuscany.
	Gian Gastone	31 October 1723	9 July 1737	2nd son of Cosimo III de' Medici, G Duke of Tuscany.

Coats of artillery [edit]

The origin of the Medici coat of arms is not recorded. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of Charlemagne'due south, Averardo, who defeated a behemothic, Mugello. In reward, Charlemagne is said to take rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of assurance, and the giant'south lands in Mugello.

Hither seen sliced in one-half, an fine art historian suggests that whole blood oranges could be the imagery in the Medici coats of artillery

Another unproven theory suggests that represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants).^{[lxx] [71]} The number of assurance as well varied with fourth dimension, as shown beneath. Information technology has also been argued that these coins referenced the three coins or golden balls associated with St. Nicholas, particularly equally the saint was invoked by Italian bankers as they took oaths.^[72]

As an Italian vocabulary word, "medici" means "medical doctors" and identifications with the family members equally physicians may be found amid their names as early on as the eleventh century. Fanciful stories describe the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to describe blood. Pills did not exist until much latter and bloodletting was not in vogue at the fourth dimension of the first Medici glaze of artillery. Art historian Rocky Ruggiero suggests plausibly nonetheless, that the images may represent whole ripe claret oranges that typically are grown in Italy. Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their clan with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this probable is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family.^[73]

• 

  Quondam coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder

• 

  The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, six balls in orle gules

• 

  The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five assurance in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. Azure, 3 fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis 11 in 1465.^[1]

• 

  Slap-up glaze of artillery of Medici of Ottajano

• 

  Augmented Arms of Medici

• 

  Coat of Artillery of the Grand-Knuckles of Tuscany

• 

  Coat of arms of Medici popes

• 

  Coat of arms of the Medici Cardinals

• 

  Coat of Arms of Catherine of Medici, as Queen of France

• 

  Coat of Arms of Maria of Medici, as Queen of France

• 

  Accomplishment of the Firm of de' Medici

• 

  Glaze of Arms of the M-Duchy of Tuscany

See as well [edit]

• Medici family tree
• Listing of popes from the Medici family unit
• Strozzi family (surviving), Pazzi family (extinct) rivals of the Medici
• Castellini Baldissera family (relatives of the Medici)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} John Woodward, A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry, 1894, p. 162
2. ^ Litta, Pompeo (1827). Famiglie celebri italiane. Medici di Firenze.
3. ^ Luisa Greco (22 May 2015). "Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela". Toctoc.
4. ^ "Medici". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. Retrieved 12 Feb 2020.
5. ^ The family of Pius IV, the Medici of Milan, considered itself a branch of the House of Medici and was recognized as such past the Florentine Pope Clement Vii and by Cosimo I 'de Medici in the early 16th century. Historians accept found no proof of an actual connectedness between the Medici of Milan and the Medici of Florence, but this conventionalities was widespread during the life of Pius IV and the Medici of Florence immune the Medici of Milan to utilize their glaze of arms.
6. ^ "Medici Family – – Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 27 September 2009.
7. ^ Malaguzzi, Silvia (2004). Botticelli. Ediz. Inglese. Giunti Editore. ISBN9788809036772 – via Google Books.
8. ^ The Medieval Earth – Europe 1100–1350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany
9. ^ The proper name in Italian is pronounced with the stress on the outset syllable /ˈmɛ .di.tʃi/ and not on the second vowel.How to say: Medici, BBC News Mag Monitor—MED-uh-chee in American English.
10. ^ Strathern, p 18
11. ^ Kenneth Bartlett, The Italian Renaissance, Chapter seven, p. 37, Volume II, 2005.
12. ^ "History of Florence". Aboutflorence.com. Retrieved 2015-01-26 .
13. ^ Crum, Roger J. Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence . Artibus et Historiae, Volume 22, Edit 44, 2001. pp. 23–29.
14. ^ Padgett, John F.; Ansell, Christopher 1000. (May 1993). "Robust Action and the Ascent of the Medici, 1400–1434" (PDF). The American Journal of Sociology. 98 (half-dozen): 1259–1319. doi:10.1086/230190. JSTOR 2781822. S2CID 56166159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-03. . This has led to much more than assay.
15. ^ Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine history written by Niccolò Machiavelli, Volume 1. p. 221. .
16. ^ Bradley, Richard (executive producer) (2003). The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (Part I) (DVD). PBS Home Video.
17. ^ ^{a b} The Prince Niccolò Machiavelli. A Norton Critical Edition. Translated and edited by Rober One thousand. Adams. New York. W.Westward. Norton and Company, 1977. p. viii (Historical Introduction).
18. ^ Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013). Ulwencreutz'due south The Royal Families in Europe 5. ISBN9781304581358 . Retrieved 20 September 2018.
19. ^ 15th century Italy.
20. ^ Hibbard, pp. 177, 202, 162.
21. ^ Hibbert, Christopher (1974). The Firm of Medici: Its rise and fall. New York: William Morrow and Visitor. ISBN0-688-00339-7. OCLC 5613740.
22. ^ Halvorson, Michael (2014). The Renaissance: All That Matters. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN9781444192964.
23. ^ Hibbert, The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall, 153.
24. ^ ^{a b} Hale, p. 150.
25. ^ Unhurt, p. 151.
26. ^ Austria and Spain were ruled by the Business firm of Habsburg; the ii are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time menstruation in question.
27. ^ Hale, p. 158.
28. ^ ^{a b} Hale, p. 160.
29. ^ Hale, p. 165.
30. ^ Strathen, p. 368.
31. ^ Hale, p. 187.
32. ^ Acton, p. 111.
33. ^ ^{a b} Acton, p. 192.
34. ^ Acton, p. 27.
35. ^ Acton, p. 38.
36. ^ ^{a b} Hale, p. 180.
37. ^ Hale, p. 181.
38. ^ Acton, p. 108.
39. ^ Acton, p. 112.
40. ^ Acton, p. 182.
41. ^ Acton, p. 243.
42. ^ Strathern, p. 392.
43. ^ Hale, p. 191.
44. ^ Acton, p. 175.
45. ^ Acton, p. 280.
46. ^ Acton, p. 188.
47. ^ Acton, p. 301.
48. ^ Acton, p. 304.
49. ^ "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici – Electress Palatine". Retrieved three September 2009.
50. ^ Acton, p. 209.
51. ^ Acton, p. 310.
52. ^ Acton, p. 309.
53. ^ Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004
54. ^ Hibbert, p. lx.
55. ^ Howard Hibbard, Michelangelo (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), p. 21.
56. ^ Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006. ISBN v-85050-825-ii
57. ^ Hibbard, p. 240.
58. ^ Official site of the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno of Florence, Brief History (information technology. leng.)"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-01 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
59. ^ Two more than sons: Arrigo (?-?), Giovanni (?-?)
60. ^ 3 more sons: Talento (?-?), he had a son, Mario died in 1369, Mario had few unremarkable later generations; Jacopo (?-1340) who had a son, Averardo (fl. 1363); Francesco (?-?), who had a son, Malatesta died in 1367.
61. ^ 4 sons: Guccio (from which descended a line extinct in 1670 with Ottaviano), Filippo (?-?), Betto (fl. 1348), Ardinghello (fl. 1345).
62. ^ One more son: Giovanni (fl. 1383). Giovanni had a son, Antonio (?-1396) and a nephew, Felice (?-?).
63. ^ One son, Coppo, (?-?). Cfr. Mecatti, Giuseppe Maria; Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1755). Storia cronologica della città di Firenze (in Italian). Vol. Parte prima. Naples: Stamperia Simoniana. p. 157. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
64. ^ Two more brothers unknown.
65. ^ Ii more than brothers: Andrea (*? †?), Bartolomeo (*? †?).
66. ^ One more brother: Pietro (*? †?), line extinct.
67. ^ One more than blood brother: Giovanni (*? †?)
68. ^ One more son: Francesco (†1552?)
69. ^ I more son Bernardo (†1592?)
70. ^ de Roover, Raymond (31 July 2017). The Medici Bank: Its Organisation, Management, Operations, and Decline. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. note 1.
71. ^ Mackworth-Young, Rose (29 March 2012). "The Medici balls: Origins of the family unit's glaze of arms". The Florentine. Florence: B'Gruppo Srl (160). Retrieved 17 October 2017.
72. ^ Clare, Edward G. (1985). St. Nicholas: His Legends and Iconography. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. p. 76.
73. ^ Ruggiero, Rocky, Ph.D., Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 – Florence: The Medici Dynasty, Making Art and History Come up to Life, October 28, 2020, an sound file

References [edit]

• Hibbert, Christopher (1975). The Firm of Medici: Its Rise and Autumn . Morrow. ISBN0-688-00339-7. a highly readable, non-scholarly general history of the family unit
• Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: The Vivid Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de Medici, (Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful new biography of this true "renaissance man", the uncrowned ruler of Florence during its aureate age
• Ferdinand Schevill, History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance (Frederick Ungar, 1936) is the standard overall history of Florence
• Cecily Berth, Cosimo I, Duke of Florence, 1921, University Press
• Harold Acton, The Last Medici, Macmillan, London, 1980, ISBN 0-333-29315-0
• Paul Strathern, The Medici—Godfathers of the Renaissance (Pimlico, 2005) is an informative and lively account of the Medici family unit, their finesse and foibles—extremely readable, though with a few factual and typographical errors.
• Lauro Martines, April Claret—Florence and the Plot Against the Medici (Oxford University Press 2003) a detailed account of the Pazzi Conspiracy, the players, the politics of the day, and the fallout of the assassination plot . Though accurate in historic details, Martines writes with a definite 'anti-Medici' tone.
• Accounting in Italian republic
• Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan, The Medici Popes. New York: Grand.P. Putnam's Sons, 1908.
• Jonathan Zophy, A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe, Dances over Fire and Water. 1996. tertiary ed. Upper Saddle River, New Bailiwick of jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.
• Villa Niccolini (Camugliano), Villa Niccolini, is one of the Medici's tuscany villa previously called Villa Medicea di Camugliano, Villa Niccolini is located east from Ponsacco, nigh a little feudal village, Camugliano.

Further reading [edit]

• Jean Lucas-Dubreton, Daily Life in Florence in the Fourth dimension of the Medici.

• Danny Chaplin, "The Medici: Rise of a Parvenu Dynasty, 1360–1537."

External links [edit]

• The Medici Archive Project
• Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004)
• The Moscow Florentine Society
• Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of key members of the Medici Dynasty, 1400–1737
• The Medici Family, History Channel. Retrieved 8 April 2016. The Medici Family
• The Medici Family of Florence

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici